Influence of athletes' anxiety on competition results / Influência da ansiedade dos atletas para os resultados das competições / Influencia de la ansiedad de los deportistas en los resultados de las competiciones

ABSTRACT Introduction Athletes naturally feel anxiety and tension during competition, where mild worry and stress can further encourage athlete performance, but severe anxiety seriously interferes with athlete performance on the field. Objective Study the effects of anxiety on competition results. Methods This paper analyzes 40 athletes from various sports, use the relevant scoring methods on the competition situation anxiety scale, makes statistics on athletes' psychological scores and athletes' anxiety with different competition outcomes, and draws relevant charts aiming to better observe the psychological situation of athletes with different competition levels. Results Athletes have different types of anxiety in the competition process, and athletes with different competition outcomes also have different anxiety emphases. Among them, athletes with high sports levels often feel nervous and anxious about the results of competitions and the fiercest competition. The degree of anxiety about their actions is relatively low; athletes with lower performance are just the opposite. Conclusion Coaches should perform targeted psychological counseling to adjust the mentality of athletes to achieve a better competitive state. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução Os atletas naturalmente sentem ansiedade e tensão no decorrer da competição, onde uma leve preocupação e estresse podem encorajar ainda mais o desempenho dos atletas, mas uma ansiedade grave interfere seriamente no desempenho do atleta no campo. Objetivo Estudar os efeitos da ansiedade nos resultados das competições. Métodos Este trabalho analisa 40 atletas de vários esportes, utiliza os métodos de pontuação relevantes na escala de ansiedade de situação de competição, faz estatísticas sobre a pontuação psicológica de atletas e a ansiedade de atletas com diferentes resultados de competições, e desenha quadros relevantes, visando melhor observar a situação psicológica de atletas com diferentes níveis de competição. Resultados Atletas têm diferentes tipos de ansiedade no processo de competição, e atletas com diferentes resultados de competição têm também diferentes ênfases na ansiedade. Entre eles, atletas com alto nível esportivo muitas vezes se sentem nervosos e ansiosos diante dos resultados das competições e da competição mais acirrada, e o grau de ansiedade sobre suas próprias ações é relativamente baixo; os atletas com desempenho inferior são exatamente o oposto. Conclusão Os treinadores devem realizar aconselhamento psicológico direcionado, de modo a ajustar a mentalidade dos atletas para alcançar um melhor estado competitivo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción Los atletas sienten naturalmente ansiedad y tensión en el transcurso de la competición, donde una ligera preocupación y el estrés pueden favorecer aún más el rendimiento de los atletas, pero una ansiedad grave interfiere seriamente en el rendimiento del atleta en el campo. Objetivo Estudiar los efectos de la ansiedad en los resultados de la competición. Métodos Este trabajo analiza a 40 atletas de varios deportes, utiliza los métodos de puntuación pertinentes en la escala de ansiedad ante la situación de competición, realiza estadísticas sobre las puntuaciones psicológicas de los atletas y la ansiedad de los mismos con diferentes resultados de competición, y elabora gráficos pertinentes con el objetivo de observar mejor la situación psicológica de los atletas con diferentes niveles de competición. Resultados Los deportistas tienen diferentes tipos de ansiedad en el proceso de competición, y los deportistas con diferentes resultados en la competición también tienen diferentes énfasis de ansiedad. Entre ellos, los atletas de alto nivel deportivo suelen sentirse nerviosos y ansiosos ante los resultados de la competición y la competencia más feroz, y el grado de ansiedad ante sus propias acciones es relativamente bajo; los atletas de menor rendimiento son todo lo contrario. Conclusión Los entrenadores deben realizar un asesoramiento psicológico específico para ajustar la mentalidad de los deportistas y lograr un mejor estado competitivo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

The research of liver-targeted drugs based on asialoglycoprotein receptor / 药学学报

Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is highly expressed on the surface of parenchymal liver cells. It can specifically recognize and bind to desialylated glycoproteins which contain terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine residues, and endocytosed by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, transported and then degraded in lysosome. Based on this character, ASGPR mediated liver-targeted drug delivery is likely to increase drug distribution, reduce potential side effects and lower dose. This article reviewed the expression, structure, ligand binding and endocytosis of ASGPR, and summarized the design and optimization of ASGPR ligands and the release strategies. Finally, we put forward some expects about the clinical drug development for ASGPR.

Changes in lower limb bone density in young jumpers / Alterações na densidade óssea dos membros inferiores em jovens praticantes de salto / Cambios en la densidad ósea de los miembros inferiores en jóvenes practicantes de salto

ABSTRACT Introduction The research on the exercise effect on the human bone density and skeletal muscle content mainly focuses on the middle-aged and elderly population. However, few studies on different sports' effects upon bone and muscle density in college students and adolescents. Objective Study the effect of physical training on bone density and lower limb jumping ability in young people. Methods The relationship between bone mineral density and lower limb jumping ability was analyzed by mathematical statistics. Male individuals aged 10-20 years were divided into the early adolescence group (n=26) and late adolescence group (n=37). According to training status, they were divided into preadolescent athletic group (n=11), non-athletic group (n=15); puberty athletic group (n=11) and non-athletic group (n=15). The following indicators were used: bone density, vertical jump test, continuous vertical jump test, RDJ index. Results Athletes' bone mineral density (BMD) is related to their muscle strength. These results suggest a certain internal connection between the (BMD) of bone tissue and the development of muscle strength. Therefore, there is evidence of differences in lower limb bone mineral density and jumping ability between the two groups. Conclusion Bone mineral density in the lower limbs of adolescents is correlated with jumping ability. Exercise can help improve bone density in adolescents. Evidence level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMO Introdução A pesquisa no efeito do exercício sobre a densidade óssea humana e o conteúdo muscular esquelético está concentrada principalmente na população de meia-idade e na população idosa. Entretanto, há poucos estudos no efeito de diferentes esportes sobre a densidade óssea e muscular em estudantes universitários e adolescentes. Objetivo Estudar o efeito do treinamento físico sobre a densidade óssea e a capacidade de salto nos membros inferiores de jovens. Métodos Analisa-se a relação entre a densidade mineral óssea e a capacidade de salto dos membros inferiores por estatísticas matemáticas. Indivíduos do sexo masculino entre 10 a 20 anos de idade foram divididos em grupo de adolescência inicial (n=26) e tardia (n=37). De acordo com a situação de treino, foram divididos em grupo atlético pré-adolescente (n=11), não atlético (n=15); grupo atlético na puberdade (n=11) e não atlético (n=15). Os seguintes indicadores foram utilizados: densidade óssea, teste de pulo vertical, teste de pulo vertical contínuo, índice RDJ. Resultados A densidade mineral óssea (DMO) dos atletas está relacionada com sua força muscular. Esses resultados indicam uma certa conexão interna entre a (DMO) do tecido ósseo e o desenvolvimento da força muscular. Portanto, há evidências de diferenças na densidade mineral óssea dos membros inferiores e na capacidade de saltar entre os dois grupos. Conclusão A densidade mineral óssea nos membros inferiores dos adolescentes está correlacionada com a capacidade de saltar. O exercício pode ajudar a melhorar a densidade óssea nos adolescentes. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação de resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción La investigación sobre el efecto del ejercicio en la densidad ósea humana y el contenido muscular esquelético se concentra principalmente en la población de mediana y avanzada edad. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios sobre el efecto de los diferentes deportes en la densidad ósea y muscular en estudiantes universitarios y adolescentes. Objetivo Estudiar el efecto del entrenamiento físico sobre la densidad ósea y la capacidad de salto de los miembros inferiores en jóvenes. Métodos La relación entre la densidad mineral ósea y la capacidad de salto de las extremidades inferiores se analizó mediante estadística matemática. Individuos del sexo masculinos de entre 10 y 20 años se dividieron en el grupo de adolescentes tempranos (n=26) y adolescentes tardíos (n=37). Según el estado de entrenamiento, fueron repartidos en grupo atlético preadolescente (n=11), grupo no atlético (n=15); grupo atlético puberal (n=11) y grupo no atlético (n=15). Se utilizaron los siguientes indicadores: densidad ósea, prueba de salto vertical, prueba de salto vertical continuo, índice RDJ. Resultados La densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de los deportistas está relacionada con su fuerza muscular. Estos resultados indican una cierta conexión interna entre la (DMO) del tejido óseo y el desarrollo de la fuerza muscular. Por lo tanto, existen pruebas de las diferencias en la densidad mineral ósea de las extremidades inferiores y en la capacidad de salto entre los dos grupos. Conclusión La densidad mineral ósea en las extremidades inferiores de los adolescentes está correlacionada con la capacidad de salto. El ejercicio puede ayudar a mejorar la densidad ósea en los adolescentes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Analysis of athletes' running ability data mining algorithm based on the dynamic characteristics of football players / Análise do algoritmo de mineração de dados da capacidade de corrida de atletas com base nas características dinâmicas dos jogadores de futebol / Análisis del algoritmo de minería de la capacidad de correr de los jugadores de fútbol basado en las características dinámicas de los jugadores de fútbol

ABSTRACT In 2008, our country successfully held the Olympic Games, where China won the most gold medals. After these Olympic Games, China has also become a world sports power. Our country's table tennis, diving, skating and other sports are also in the leading ranks in the world. In this study, according to the current training status of Chinese football players, we used data mining algorithm to analyze the unawareness of acceleration and speed of Chinese athletes in the running process. In this study, these indicators were quantified and analyzed, which has successfully promoted the training level of Chinese football players.

RESUMO Em 2008, nosso país sediou os Jogos Olímpicos, em que a China ganhou a maior parte das medalhas de ouro. Após os Jogos Olímpicos, a China também se tornou uma potência esportiva mundial. O tênis de mesa, o salto ornamental, a patinação e outros esportes também estão em posições de liderança. Neste estudo, de acordo com o atual estado de treinamento dos jogadores de futebol chineses, usamos o algoritmo de mineração de dados para analisar a falta de aceleração e velocidade dos atletas chineses na corrida. No estudo, esses indicadores foram quantificados e analisados, elevando o nível do treinamento os jogadores de futebol chineses.

RESUMEN En 2008, China celebró con éxito los Juegos Olímpicos.China ganó la mayoría de las medallas de oro en los Juegos Olímpicos.Después de los Juegos Olímpicos, China también se ha convertido en una potencia deportiva mundial.El tenis de mesa, el buceo y el patinaje sobre hielo en China también están en la posición de liderazgo en el mundo.De acuerdo con la situación actual del entrenamiento de los jugadores de Fútbol en nuestro país, este trabajo analiza la falta de percepción de la aceleración y velocidad de los jugadores de Fútbol en el proceso de correr con el algoritmo de minería.Y en los resultados de la investigación, el análisis cuantitativo de estos indicadores ha mejorado con éxito el nivel de entrenamiento de los jugadores de fútbol chinos.

Clinical analysis of multi-disciplinary team management in the treatment of giant neurofibroma in maxillofacial and neck region / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To investigate the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) management in the treatment of giant neurofibroma in maxillofacial and neck region, to provide reference for clinical practice.@*Methods@#Retrospective analysis was conducted on the perioperative whole-process management process of 2 cases of giant neurofibroma in maxillofacial and neck region jointly formulated treatment plan by oral and maxillofacial surgery department with the assistance of the department of anesthesiology, ICU, vascular surgery, thoracic surgery, etc.@*Results@#MDT treatment process (anesthesia-embolization-collaborative surgery-ICU-post-operative management) of the two patients was smoothly conducted according to the pre-operative plan. There were no adverse events or accidents that were not predicted by the risk assessment from multiple teams during the operation, and no serious complications occurred after the operation. The post-operative pathological report of both cases was "neurofibroma". Wounds in both patients healed in stage I. The course of treatment was smooth, and the surgical treatment was completed without serious complications. @*Conclusion@# MDT management can play a positive role in the diagnosis and treatment of giant maxillofacial and neck neurofibroma so that patients can obtain safer and more effective diagnosis and treatment.

Identification of hub genes and transcription factors involved in periodontitis on the basis of multiple microarray analysis / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the pathogenesis of periodontitis by bioinformatics analysis.@*METHODS@#GEO2R was used to screen DEGs in GSE10334 and GSE16134. Then, the overlapped DEGs were used for further analysis. g:Profiler was used to perform Gene Ontology analysis and pathway analysis for upregulated and downregulated DEGs. The STRING database was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, which was further visua-lized and analyzed by Cytoscape software. Hub genes and key modules were identified by cytoHubba and MCODE plug-ins, respectively. Finally, transcription factors were predicted via iRegulon plug-in.@*RESULTS@#A total of 196 DEGs were identified, including 139 upregulated and 57 downregulated DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways including immune system, viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and chemokine receptors bind chemokines. On the contrary, the downregulated DEGs were mainly related to the formation of the cornified envelope and keratinization. The identified hub genes in the PPI network were CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCR4, SEL, CD19, and IKZF1. The top three modules were involved in chemokine response, B cell receptor signaling pathway, and interleukin response, respectively. iRegulon analysis revealed that IRF4 scored the highest.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The pathogenesis of periodontitis was closely associated with the expression levels of the identified hub genes including CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCR4, SELL, CD19, and IKZF1. IRF4, the predicted transcription factor, might serve as a dominant upstream regulator.

Cichoric acid from extracted Echinacea purpurea induces the proliferation and apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from yaks

BACKGROUND: Cichoric acid (CA) is extracted from Echinacea purpurea. It is well known and widely used for its immunological function. However, the effect of CA on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from yaks is still unclear. This study investigated the potential influences of CA on the proliferation, cytokine induction, and apoptosis of PBMCs from Datong yak in vivo, and aimed to provide a basis for exploring the pharmacological activities of CA on yaks. RESULTS: In this study, CA promoted PBMCs proliferation by combining concanavalin A (Con A) and exhibited a dose-dependent effect as demonstrated by a Cell Counting Kit-8. The concentration of 60 µg/ml CA was the best and promoted the transformation from the G0/G1 phase to the S and G2/M phases with Con A. Furthermore, 60 µg/ml CA significantly increased IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ levels and PCNA, CDK4 and Bcl-2 expression levels, but it significantly inhibited the TP53, Bax, and Caspase-3 expression levels. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 6807 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the CA treatment and control groups. Of these genes, 3788 were significantly upregulated and 3019 were downregulated. Gene Ontology and pathway analysis revealed that DEGs were enriched in cell proliferation and immune function signaling pathways. The expression level of some transcription factors (BTB, Ras, RRM_1, and zf-C2H2) and genes (CCNF, CCND1, and CDK4) related to PBMCs proliferation in yaks were significantly promoted after CA treatment. By contrast, anti-proliferation-associated genes (TP53 and CDKN1A) were inhibited. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, CA could regulate the immune function of yaks by promoting proliferation and inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis of PBMCs.

Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects by melamine and cyanuric acid co-exposure in human embryonic kidney 293 cells

The melamine and cyanuric acid (CA) complex has been suggested to cause the toxic effects observed in melamine-contaminated food or milk. However, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of co-exposure to melamine and CA are not fully clear. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of melamine and CA were first examined by co‐exposure in human kidney 293 cells using the MTT assay. During a 24-h period for the three concentrations tested (0.5, 1, and 5 mg/mL), neither melamine nor CA alone showed significant toxic effects on 293 cells at 0.5 mg/mL, while higher concentrations led to decreased in cell viability. However, co-exposure to several combinations of melamine and CA [100:1, 10:1, 1:10, and 1:100 (v:v), at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL] did cause cytotoxicity with higher levels of CA leading to higher cytotoxicity. By contrast, while neither melamine nor CA alone induced phosphorylated-H2AX (γH2AX) foci formation, melamine and CA at a 100:1 ratio induced γH2AX foci 24 h post-treatment. The alkaline comet assay also revealed the presence of DNA damage following melamine and CA co-exposure. In vivo assay also revealed the presence of melamine-CA complex in the kidney. These data indicated that the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of melamine and CA co-exposure differ from those of melamine or CA alone.

Probability of premature mortality caused by chronic respiratory disease and its changing trend during 2005-2015 in Guangdong province / 解放军医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the probability of premature mortality, mortality and standardized mortality of chronic respiratory diseases during 2005-2015 in Guangdong province, thus providing scientific and effective reference for further development of prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases. Methods: The data of chronic respiratory disease were collected from the death registration system of 2005-2015 Guangdong province residents. The probability of premature mortality, mortality, age-standardized mortality and annual percent change (APC) were calculated. Chi-square test was used to compare the rates, the trend change was identified by linear regression. Results: During year 2005-2015, the probability of premature mortality decreased from 2.48% to 1.13%, and its APC was -7.87% (F=239.58, P<0.05). The percentage of deaths from chronic respiratory diseases decreased from 14.02% to 10.84% in total deaths, with the corresponding APC of -2.96% (F=21.12, P<0.05). The mortality decreased from 71.39/100,000 to 50.76/100,000, with the corresponding APC of -3.63% (F=41.49, P<0.05). The age-standardized mortality decreased from 107.31/100,000 to 61.83/100,000, with the corresponding APC of -5.64% (F=106.83, P<0.05). Conclusions Chronic respiratory diseases remain a major health hazard for residents in Guangdong province, although their incidence shows a downtrend, so further preventive and control measures are needed to reduce the premature death from chronic respiratory diseases.

Tai Chi exercise and functional electrical stimulation of lower limb muscles for rehabilitation in older adults with chronic systolic heart failure: a non-randomized clinical trial

Exercise-based training decreases hospitalizations in heart failure patients but such patients have exercise intolerance. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of Tai Chi exercise and lower limb muscles' functional electrical stimulation in older chronic heart failure adults. A total of 1,084 older adults with chronic systolic heart failure were included in a non-randomized clinical trial (n=271 per group). The control group did not receive any kind of intervention, one group received functional electrical stimulation of lower limb muscles (FES group), another group practiced Tai Chi exercise (TCE group), and another received functional electrical stimulation of lower limb muscles and practiced Tai Chi exercise (FES & TCE group). Quality of life and cardiorespiratory functions of all patients were evaluated. Compared to the control group, only FES group had increased Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) score (P<0.0001, q=9.06), only the TCE group had decreased heart rate (P<0.0001, q=5.72), and decreased peak oxygen consumption was reported in the TCE group (P<0.0001, q=9.15) and FES & TCE group (P<0.0001, q=10.69). FES of lower limb muscles and Tai Chi exercise can recover the quality of life and cardiorespiratory functions of older chronic heart failure adults (trial registration: Research Registry 4474, January 1, 2015).

Effects of surface proteins and lipids on molecular structure, thermal properties, and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice starch

Abstract Rice starches with different amylose contents were treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to deplete surface proteins and lipids, and the changes in molecular structure, thermal properties, and enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated. SDS treatment did not significantly change the molecular weight distribution, crystalline structure, short-range ordered degree, and gelatinization properties of starch, but significantly altered the pasting properties and increased the swelling power of starch. The removal of surface proteins and lipids increased the enzymatic hydrolysis and in vitro digestion of starch. The influences of removing surface proteins and lipids from starch on swelling power, pasting properties, and enzymatic hydrolysis were different among the various starches because of the differences in molecular structures of different starch styles. The aforementioned results indicated that removing the surface proteins and lipids from starch did not change the molecular structure but had significant effects on some functional properties.

Doxazosin oral intake therapy to relieve stent - related urinary symptoms and pain: a prospective, randomized, controlled study

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of Doxazosin Oral Intake Therapy on urinary symptoms and pain in patients with indwelling ureteral stents Patients and Methods: A total of 239 patients with ureteral stone-related hydronephrosis who underwent a double-J stent insertion after ureteroscopic lithotripsy were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive doxazosin cotrolled release 4 mg once daily for 4 weeks or matching placebo. Patients completed the brief-form Chinese version Ureteric Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) and quality of life (QoL) score 2 weeks and 4 weeks after stent placement and 4 weeks after stent withdrawal. The analgesic use was also recorded during the stenting period. Results: Patients in Doxazosin Oral Intake Therapy group, in the first 2 weeks and second 2 weeks with the stent in situ, expressed significant lower daytime frequency (p=0.028 and p=0.038), nocturia (p=0.021 and p=0.008) and urgency (p=0.012 and p=0.014), respectively. Similarly, flank pain score, QoL score and analgesic use were also significant less in the stenting period. There was no significant difference in scores of urinary symptoms, pain and QoL during the post-stent period between two cohorts. Conclusions: Doxazosin Oral Intake Therapy reduced stent-related urinary symptoms, pain and the negative impact on QoL.

Study of hCTGF Repair on Bone Injury / 中国生物工程杂志

Object: To study the proliferation of hCTGF on cells and its biological function on bone injury healing.Methods: The fibroblast with potential differentiation was transfected by eukaryotic gene delivery system and then transferred into the experimental animal model with bone fracture.The data were collected by molecular biological and clinical orthopedic technique detection analysis.Results: The results demonstrated an obvious proliferation of hCTGF on cells,suggesting that hCTGF have the biological activity of repairing bone injury via gene therapy.The results provide a new activity factor and treatment approach for bone injury in clinics.

Efficacy of spectral entropy in measurement of depth of anesthesia and noxious stimulation / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the efficacy of spectral entropy measurement in reflection of depth of anesthesia and noxious stimulation. Methods Forty-five patients of ASAⅠorⅡ were randomly divided into three groups(n=15).Group A,B and C received fentanyl 1,3 and 5 ?g/kg,respectively,3 min before target controlled infusion(TCI) of propofol.Intubation was performed when the effect-site concentration(CE)reached 3.5 ?g/mL,which was maintained until 5 min after incision.Response entropy(RE),State entropy(SE) as well as heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP) were measured at the time points of before fentanyl and 2,3 min after fentanyl,every CE of propofol steps,before intubation,immediately and 1,3,5 min after intubation,before skin incision,and 0.5,1,3,5 min after skin incision,respectively. Results Three minutes after receiving fentanyl,the values of RE and SE in the three groups decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner,and increased obviously at the same degree during intubation and after skin incision.The values recovered to the level before stress stimulation 1 min after intubation and 5 min after skin incision.There were no differences in the fluctuation of RE and SE among the three groups when the CE of propofol reached 1.0 ?g/mL.Conclusion Spectral entropy may effectively reflect the depth of anesthesia,but not analgesia during anesthesia.

Preconditioning with desflurane, sevoflurane and isoflurane increase the preservation of adenosine triphosphate in anoxia-reoxygenation myocardial cells / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Aim To study the effects of preconditioning with desflurane, sevoflurane and isoflurane on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in anoxia-reoxygenation myocardial cells. Methods Rat ventricular myocytes, cultured for 4～5 days, were randomly allocated to five groups: Control group, anoxia-reoxygenation group and groups preconditioned with 1.5 MAC desflurane, sevoflurane or isoflurane following anoxia-reoxygenation. The content of intracellular ATP ,the activities of lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) and creatine kinase(CK), and the cell viability were measured at the end of experiment.Results Preconditioning with 1.5 MAC desfllurane, sevoflurane or isoflurane significantly attenuated the great reduction in ATP and cell viability and the increase of LDH and CK caused by anoxia-reoxygenation. There was a positive correlationship between ATP and cell viability,and a negatiue correlationship between LDH and CK (r was 0.83, -0.87 and -0.82 respectively, P